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blood test that detects Large mammals

A team of scientists developed a test that can estimate the age of an individual with only a blood sample.

The method can be used, for example, forensic investigators who need information related to age of a suspect or dead.

The technique is based on the identification of a characteristic of a type of immune cells called T cells, which are transported in the blood.

These cells play a key role in the recognition of "invading" foreign to the body, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or cancer cells.

As part of the process that cells use to recognize these invaders produce small circular DNA molecules.

The number of these molecules, known as excision circles of T cell receptor (sjTREC) decreases steadily with age.

According to scientists, the study shows that this biological phenomenon can be used to calculate "with precision and reliability," the age of a human individual. Strangers



This approach, say the researchers, will locate an individual in a category that extends generational in 20 years.

Predicting the "phenotypes" humans, the external characteristics of a person as hair and eye color-from the information in DNA is a new emerging field of forensic science.

But now, with the DNA information can be identified only a few features phenotypes with sufficient precision to have practical implications.

As explained by Dr. Manfred Kayser, who led the study, the new test has proved the most accurate of all tests that are designed to calculate a human characteristic phenotype from DNA information.

"The conventional DNA profiling to forensic science applied can only identify people who are already known to the investigating agencies," explains the scientist.

"Therefore, every forensic laboratory has found cases in which the DNA profile obtained from material evidence did not match any of the suspects tested no one in the database of criminal DNA.

"In those cases, it is expected that the information is clear evidence of material help find strangers," he adds.

Experts expect the new test, along with the methods currently used to reconstruct the appearance of strangers from a biological sample found at the scene of the crime, eventually help to solve more cases.

The details of the investigation carried out in Medical Center of Erasmus University in Holland, are published in the journal Current Biology. (BBC)

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age filled the void left by dinosaurs

disappearance of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago allowed the mammals to increase their size, according to a new study published in the journal Science.

After carefully reviewing a number of fossils, the researchers concluded that the extinction of the dinosaurs helped mammals weighing between one and ten kilograms reached, in some cases, the 17 tons.

specialist scientific topics of the BBC, Neil Bowden explained that all this happened for 25 million years, a relatively short period in geological terms.

"There was a time when the hornless rhinoceros and called protoelefantes Deinotherium Indrucotherium and dominated the world, "says the study.

Scientists say that during that time, the ecosystem was able to" reprogram "quickly to meet the needs of these animals, whose size increased dramatically.

Brake However

growth stopped there, because warm-blooded mammals are not able to maintain a constant body temperature.

may, while the animals occupied the continent, the area of \u200b\u200bland and food have become scarce also, say researchers in Science.

giant mammals lived only until few thousand years ago in the form of woolly mammoths.

These creatures could be gone by the existence of other mammals are much smaller than the hunted: humans. (BBC)

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Smoking marijuana increases the risk of infections

Smoking marijuana may weaken the immune system and increase the risk of infections and cancer, according to a new study.

An international team of experts found that cannabis promotes the production of cells that weaken the body's resistance against the development of infections and certain tumors.

The research results were published in the European Journal of Immunology (European Journal of Immunology).

The team, led by Dr. Prakash Nagarkatti, University of South Carolina, USA, studied the effect of the chemicals in marijuana, cannabinoids.

Among these compounds in the plant include the THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), a psychoactive ingredient that doctors often use to relieve pain.



reasons But why marijuana weakens the immune system? According to Dr. Nagarkatti, the cause lies in a type of immune cell that was discovered recently.

The expert explained that cell, known as MDSC (for its acronym in English), unlike most of the majority of immune cells, which are concentrated in fighting infections and cancer. The MDSC is responsible for suppressing the body's defenses.

The team led by Dr. Nagarkatti demonstrated that cannabinoids may trigger the release of massive amounts of MDSC.

Previously, researchers at the Unit of Neuropharmacology, University Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bdiscovered the mechanisms by which marijuana affects the memory.

long been known that cannabis decreases the ability to remember by its action on the hippocampus, the area of the brain that regulates memory and learning.

Despite its ambiguous legal status, marijuana use for medical purposes in several countries (U.S., Canada and the Netherlands) as an analgesic for cancer patients, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, AIDS and other painful conditions. (BBC)

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Einstein was right: the universe is flat


An old idea rejected by Einstein could hold the keys to solving one of the greatest scientific mysteries of the day: why the universe is expanding more and more speed, something happens despite the action of gravity, a force that tends to unite, not separate, objects can see in the sky. Now, Christian Marinoni and Adeline Buzzi, two physicists at the University of Provence in France, have concluded that the "cosmological constant" Einstein, a kind of repulsive force that opposes gravity, is the best way to explain dark energy, the main suspect in the acceleration of the universe. Marinoni and Buzzi, who have published their work in Nature, have come also to the conclusion that we live in a flat universe.

In 1917, Albert Einstein inserted into his general theory of relativity correction factor, which he called the cosmological constant, to force the equations to predict the universe stationary (ie, unchanging) in which he believed. The cosmological constant was a kind of repulsive force opposite to gravity, something necessary, Einstein believed, that the universe was stable and did not end collapsing in on itself due to the gravitational action of matter it contains.

However, just two years later, in 1919, astronomer Edwin Hubble showed that, far from collapse, the universe was indeed expanding, growing bigger and bigger. And the subject matter contained in it, instead of going along, she was separating. Einstein dismissed, therefore, his cosmological constant, which came even consider as the "biggest mistake" of his life. An "error", however, which now depend for scientists trying to explain the universe in which we live.

Dark energy

Indeed, many years after Hubble made his momentous discovery, it became clear another disheartening fact: the universe is not only expanding, but the pace of that expansion is accelerating. That is, the expansion rate is not constant, but increases with time. What is extraordinary force able to oppose gravity and achieve a similar effect? So far, science has been unable to answer this question.

What is known is that, so that gravity would slow the expansion, should be a lot more stuff than we can see. All ordinary matter, which form galaxies, stars and planets, barely aware of 4% of the total mass of the universe. Another 23% of this mass consists of dark matter, a mysterious type of matter that does not shine and therefore can not see. And 73% is constituted by something that, for want of a better, scientists have named "dark energy." A strange force that, somehow, would be responsible for the current acceleration of the universe.

To conduct their study, Buzzi Marinoni and have developed a simple method that allowed them to measure the "geometry" of the universe. A method based on observation of 500 pairs of distant galaxies and allowing them to measure what is the curvature of space.

"Curved or flat?

But what exactly is the geometry of the universe? Do we live in a kind of multi-dimensional area or is it rather a spacetime fabric that curves gently and without ever closing on itself? Or maybe even do not bend at all and actually dwell in a flat universe? The question, one of the biggest questions of cosmology, for us very concrete implications which go far beyond being mere theoretical issues. In fact, the geometry of the universe has a decisive in the objects we observe.

In a curved or spherical, the light coming from distant stars, galaxies or deforms during its long journey, so that the image you see does not correspond to reality but is distorted. It would, to some extent, like look at us on the surface of a metal ball and see your face completely deformed. In a flat space, however, the distortion disappears and allows us to examine celestial objects as they are.

But how know which of the possibilities is correct? Until now, scientists have sought the answer endlessly studying the properties and characteristics of the light coming from the stars, the only physical link that connects us to them.

studying in detail the light, examining photon to photon, has been able to learn, for example, if the object emits it toward or away from us, and how fast. Or even know the chemicals that contains the source emitting the light, allowing us to determine the composition of distant stars or planets, despite the vast distances that separate us. What we can not know is how far that light has been deformed during your trip and, therefore, to what extent is real or not, we are seeing.

We do know, for example, that the wavelength of a ray of light is unaffected by the movement towards the red part of the electromagnetic spectrum (red shift) or towards the blue, as if the subject issuer is receding or approaching. And we also know that light rays undergo alterations when passing near strong gravitational fields, such as galaxies or black holes.

Modern observation instruments are capable, however, to correct these distortions and introduce electronic light as if they never occurred. But calculate how the light affects the geometry of the universe itself is a completely different thing.

500 pairs of galaxies

"The most interesting aspect of our work," says Marinoni, is that there are no previous data that we use. " This means that their findings do not depend on others and that calculations could be wrong. The researchers therefore decided to try to explain the dark energy by studying the geometry of the universe. And is that the geometry of spacetime can distort, as we have seen, the images we receive from the structures found on him.

So the scientists decided to look for evidence of these 500 pairs observed distortions of distant galaxies in orbit around each other. Using the magnitudes of the observed distortions, Marinoni and Buzzi were plotting the way for the space-time fabric. One way, as have been determined, raises the possibility that we live in a flat universe. And if we live in a flat universe, the old idea of \u200b\u200bEinstein's cosmological constant gain strength again. Therefore, it could even be the key we're looking to understand dark energy. (ABC)

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stem cell transplant for blindness

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA, for its acronym in English) approved a clinical trial with humans to test a new treatment of embryonic cells from a form of blindness.

The therapy involves transplanting stem cells into the eyes of patients with Stargardt disease, an inherited macular degeneration that begins in childhood.

The biotechnology company Advanced Cell Technology was authorized to carry out initial tests with 12 patients, after successful results in mice.

As the BBC said Dr. Robert Lanza, scientific director of the company, this is the beginning of a "new era" in stem cell research.

"We are using embryonic cells to generate a type of cell called the retinal pigment epithelium, "said the researcher.

These cells, the photoreceptors responsible for capturing the light in the eye, begin to die in people suffering from various eye diseases such as macular degeneration or Stargardt disease.

Patients with this disorder often experience blurred vision, difficulty seeing in low light conditions and eventually lose their ability to see.

Dr. Lanza said, "Our goal is to use embryonic stem cells to create new populations of these cells could subsequently be transplanted into the patient and not just prevent disease progression but also to restore some visual function.

transplant, said the researcher, is performed by injecting the cells into the patient's eye so that they can recover the entire photoreceptor layer of the retina .

Landmark study

This is the second time the FDA granted permission to use embryonic stem cells in human patients.

In October, the biotechnology company Geron announced the launch of the first clinical trial with embryonic stem cells repair spinal cord injuries.

The new experiment, beginning in early 2011, is designed primarily to test the safety of the therapy.

But according to Dr. Lanza, as demonstrated in animal tests, the first signs of visual improvement in patients may be apparent in the first six weeks.

"In the rat study saw an improvement of 100% in the visual control animals that received treatment had a disorder similar to what occurs in humans," said the scientist.

"The results showed that stem cells were able to restore photoreceptors extensively in animals," he said.

embryonic stem cells, derived from embryos a few days of gestation from in vitro fertilization treatments can become any of the dozens of specialized cells in the body. Revolutionary


According to experts, the research being carried out with these cells could revolutionize medicine because of its potential in situ repair damaged tissues and organs without the need to carry out transplants of whole organs.

"This is the beginning of a new era in stem cell research," said Dr. Lanza.

"And after a decade of intense controversy, we are finally ready to prove it works and can help patients suffering from terrible diseases. "

In fact, treatment is controversial because some claim that the procedure involves" the deliberate destruction of potential human beings, even if only three-day embryos gesture. "

But Dr. Lanza said that in this case, the embryos were not destroyed because the cells created were generated from a single cell without harming the embryo.

" We must understand that children of six years of age they begin to lose their sight due to diseases such as Stargardt's terrible, "said the scientist.

" If we the ability to use cells that can grow in a petri dish to prevent these children and adults to lose their vision, I think as a doctor, it would be irresponsible not to use this treatment. "(BBC)

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chip implant that helps paraplegics

Scientific British had a small implantable chip that releases electrical impulses to help paralyzed people to exercise.

This is the first device that does create a size small enough to be implanted into the spinal canal, the canal that houses the spinal cord.

Previous attempts at this type of muscle stimulation devices had failed because they were too bulky.

But thanks to advances in electronics manufacturing small, researchers at the Research Council of Engineering and Physical Sciences (EPSRC), managed to produce one unit smaller than a fingernail.

The device, called Active Book (book assets) because it is placed between the spinal nerves like the pages of a book release electrical impulses directly to the spinal cord from an array of electrodes.

This differs from currently existing equipment, operated from the outside, applying pulses to the skin.


stimulating electrodes
The stimulation device uses electrical impulses to move the muscles of the patient's leg.

So far the technology had been used abroad by placing electrodes on the skin, leg and connecting these electrodes to an external stimulator.

But this mechanism is too complicated for the patient and that, despite its benefits, has been used very little.

The new device, however, combines these electrodes to a single muscle stimulator unit is implanted in the patient.

According to scientists, the implant has several potential applications in the field of muscle rehabilitation.

"The research has the potential to stimulate more muscle groups than is currently possible with existing technology," says Professor Andreas Demosthenous, who led the research.

"This is because this device can be implanted into the spinal canal."

"The stimulation of more muscle groups means that you can have enough movement for controlled exercise such as cycling or rowing," he adds.

According to the scientist, the microchip could also be used for a variety of restorative functions, including stimulation of the muscles of the bladder to help overcome incontinence and nerve stimulation to enhance the capacity of the gut and suppress spasms.

In the past, such devices have limitations presented by the difficulty of packing muscle stimulating electrodes and a small unit.

But thanks to advances in laser technology for material processing have been able to cut tiny electrodes of platinum foil.

then folds these pieces into a 3D structure (which looks like the pages of a book.) These are the "pages" that are placed around the nerves.

units adhere to a silicon chip is hermetically sealed to protect the unit from the penetration of water, which can cause corrosion.

As expressed by Professor David Willetts, science adviser to the British government, "this small implant has the potential to make a real difference in the life and long-term health of people with paraplegia in both the UK and the rest of the world. "

are expected to pilot studies to test the Active Book commence next year. (BBC)

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