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Governmental Purchasing SMEs exceed S /. 6,000 million in 2010

state purchases to micro and small enterprises (MSEs) exceed the 6.000 million new soles at the end of 2010, said today the Minister of Production , Jorge Villasante.

"Small businesses are realizing the benefits that brings the execution, one is selling their products to the State which is a major purchaser of goods and services," he said.

said that in 2009 the mypes sold to the state by more than 6,700 million soles, and although this year's results will be known only in the first week of January, he hoped that government procurement in this sector exceeds that amount, or at least similar.

also Villasante said that there is a rule requiring state agencies to reserve 40 percent of their purchases in specific goods, the mypes from next year.

"That is, if a state agency will buy 1.000 folders 400 should be reserved for mypes allotted to this sector because there are companies that have the potential to meet this requirement, "he said.

however, said that there is still a supreme decree to identify what is the list of goods and services which necessarily has to be booked this 40 percent of state purchases.

"We are finalizing these goods and I believe that this Decree shall be published no later than January of next year," he said.

The minister said that government purchases are directed to the sectors of textiles and garments, wood, metal, lighting, leather and footwear, as well as services such as accountants or lawyers.

Via Andean

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Buenos Aires, the noisiest city in Latin America


The capital of Argentina is the noisiest city in Latin America, says a study by the Environmental Protection Agency of the Government of Buenos Aires.

Research, which confirms previous research findings of World Health Organization (WHO), also located in the city as the fourth most noise pollution in the world, behind New York, Tokyo and Nagasaki.

Despite the existence of stringent measures to combat noise, the situation is improving in Buenos Aires, the study said.

The reasons that make this city so uncomfortable to the ears are many.

To begin with, almost a third of the 40 million people in Argentina live in the capital and its surroundings, which is equivalent to many people living in a relatively small space.

and buildings occupied mostly apartments built on long streets, very straight and often narrow, which channeled the sound.

addition, economic growth has resulted in more and more cars on the already congested city streets and numerous construction jobs. Talking

highest

Buenos Aires also has an extensive network of buses poorly regulated, that run narrow cobbled streets with their noisy engines and screeching brakes.

trains passing through the center of the city and the impatient drivers stuck in traffic jams are sounding their horns constantly. Buenos Aires

can also be hot wet, forcing many to leave the windows open or have air conditioners running all the time.

is also a city that works during the day, but who really active at dusk, often to the rhythm of tango.

This can be charming if one likes this sort of thing, but not always welcome at four in the morning.

According to WHO, the noise levels should not exceed 55 decibels during the day and 45 at night, but in Buenos Aires often exceed 70 or 80 decibels.

This is obviously bad for the ears, but can also cause stress.

And without any improvement in sight, the only solutions seem to be out of town, use earplugs or speak a little louder. (BBC)

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Peru will implement the pension system for workers in SMEs before July 2011

The Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru (MEF) implemented the system will pension for workers in micro and small enterprises (MSEs) by July of next year, said the head of the sector, Ismael Benavides.

"I can not forward anything but we would like to implemented Mype Law in all its aspects that are pending, including the issue of pension and social security," he said.

recalled that Law for the Promotion of Competitiveness , Formalization and Development Micro and Small Enterprise and access to decent employment, known as Mype Act was passed in 2008 and still working to complete implementation.

noted that in the seven months in office he has left the government of President Alan Garcia will seek mainly to have stability in the fiscal accounts.

"We want to make things right so that the next government may come to a good start and successfully implement its policies without a hitch," he told TV Peru.

also said that the current government will try to achieve high growth and low inflation for next year.

added that, at least, the Peruvian economy would grow six percent in 2011, although the first few months is expected to grow significantly as a result of the inertia of the outcome of 2010.

"But that also depends on investment, the entrepreneur feels safe and comfortable to make their investments in Peru", said the minister.

In this regard, said that Peruvians will have improved their economic situation over the next year, will see an improvement in their income levels.

Via Andean

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The denisovanos: a new human species

The genome of a finger than 30,000 years old discovered in Siberia confirms the existence of a new relative of the human: "denisovanos."

The international team of researchers conducted genetic analysis of the fossil found in Denisova Cave, in southern Siberia, says that it belonged to a girl who was not Neanderthal and modern human.

This, say the scientists in the journal Nature, a group of hitherto unknown human who lived in much of Asia during the Pleistocene epoch.

The small bone fragment of a little finger was found in 2008 during archaeological excavations in Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains.

Details of the find, which initially was called "Madame X" were published last March in Nature.

But now, after sequencing the genome of the fossil and comparing it with the genomes of Neanderthals and modern humans, scientists conclude that it does not belong to either. Family
unknown


The researchers have dubbed "denisovanos" in honor of the cave where it was discovered the fossil.

According to scientists, denisovanos hominins were a group close to the Neanderthals, who descended from the same ancestral population but subsequently split from the ancestors of modern humans.

Unlike the Neanderthals, the authors say, the denisovanos not share genes with the current Eurasian.

But they have a large number of similarities between genetic variants in modern populations of Papua New Guinea.

This suggests, say scientists who were a cross between denisovanos and the ancestors of the Melanesians.

It was thought that Neanderthals and humans were the only modern hominids that lived in Europe and Asia during the late Pelistoceno.

But now, the discovery of the denisovianos, which the scientists shared the same areas that humans and Neanderthals, shows that in regard to human evolution things are not so simple.

"The story is complicated now," said Professor Richard Green, University of California, Santa Cruz, who participated in the investigation.

"Instead of the clear history that we used to explain the migration from Africa of modern humans and the replacement of Neanderthals, we now have these lines crossed with more participants and more interactions than previously knew, "adds the scientist.

Investigators believe a group of ancestors probably went first Africa between 300,000 and 400,000 years and spread rapidly.

One branch became Neanderthals, that spread through Europe and the other branch migrated eastward and became the denisovanos.

When modern humans left Africa between 70,000 and 80,000 years, first encountered the Neanderthals and then contacted with denisovanos.

More characters?

Scientists do not know why until now the fossil evidence did not disclose the existence of this group of human relations.

But according to Professor Green, at first it was thought that the finger of Denisova pertencecía a modern human.

"Maybe other samples have been wrongly classified," says the scientist.

"But now, with DNA analysis techniques, we can say with more certainty of what they are."

Researchers believe that in the coming years there could be new discoveries that further complicate the theory of human evolution.

"This study clarifies some details, but we want to know much more about the denisovanos and its interaction with modern human populations, "says the researcher.

" And we must ask whether there are other people who have not yet been discovered. Will there be a fourth character in this story? ".

The research involved scientists from Germany, Spain, China, Russia, Canada and the United States. (BBC)

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Young female chimpanzee playing with dolls with wood


The wild young chimp playing games different depending on gender, like human children. Although both males and females used timbers for fun, the females caught more common and more love, says a group of researchers from Harvard University in the United States.

The finding, published in the journal Current Biology, reinforces the idea that girls choose dolls as a result of stereotypical socialization, as well as certain "biological predilections", reports Europa Press.

"This is the first evidence of an animal species in nature in which the object of the game differs between males and females," says Richard Wrangham, author of the study.

and struggles for social games

chimpanzees used the logs of four ways: to inspect holes that could contain water or honey as potential weapons in aggressive encounters during social games alone and in conduct which experts call "carry the cross."

Young females sometimes had studied their logs to their daytime refuges, where they rested and behaved to them as "mothers."

"Before, we thought we would carry these maderillos females more frequently than males and would stop when they had their own babies. We now know that both are correct, "says Wrangham.

The Harvard team has seen over 14 years Kanyawara chimpanzee community in Kibale National Park in Uganda. (ABC)

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no trace of black holes in the 'God machine' chocolate


The end of the world will have to wait. At least in its more technical, that warned us that the experiments of large particle accelerator (LHC) would create black holes capable of becoming stable and grow to completely engulf the Earth. The announced disaster, however, after several months of very high energy collisions has not been produced. Not only that but, as explained in an article just published in arXiv.org, researchers have found no trace of black holes of any kind.

predictions that in collisions between protons a few tera
(One electron volt is the energy gained by an electron when accelerated by a potential difference of one volt) would form a series of microscopic black holes are based on theories that take into account the gravitational effects in a multi-dimensional space.

It would be small black holes also evaporate very quickly, although some researchers have said they could get to be stable, begin to grow and become, therefore, a terrible threat to our planet.

However, scientists working in the detector CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) state that, at energies between 3.5 and 4.5 tera, there is no experimental evidence that black holes have formed during the experiments. Guido Tonelli, the physicist who makes the CMS spokesman, has been argued that the formation of such structures could be fully eliminated even in the next set of experiments the detector.

A by the Higgs boson

The work is part of a course of studies to identify possible unexpected effects in a machine built to recreate conditions that existed in the origin of the universe. But for now, has not produced anything beyond expectations. "We were very surprised at how well the machine is operating now we've really begun to take it to the limit, "says Steve Meyers on the other hand, the scientist who has overseen the operations of the Large Hadron Collider this year.

This success has increased the confidence of the researchers, who are each more comfortable they can detect the expected Higgs boson (the particle that is hypothetically responsible for the mass of all particles) even earlier than expected.

At first, physicists were not sure that the great accelerator could achieve its ambitious goals (detect the Higgs boson) to the current energy level. So it planned a "crisis" of fifteen months from 2012 to upgrade the machine and make it capable of operating at higher energies.

But now more and more physicists who think that even without this update, the LHC will be able to explore what happened in most of the energy ranges where the elusive particle should be found. (ABC)

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promise that could help cure a cough

A chemical component of cocoa, the basic compound chocolate, could be used to produce a persistent cough medicine, according to scientists in the UK.

specialists conclude the final stages of clinical trials of the drug developed with a substance called theobromine.

The drug could be on the market in two years.

Most of the persistent cough medicines, ie, lasting more than two weeks, with opium as a component, including codeine.

However, organizations such as the British Regulatory Agency Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA, for its acronym in English) estimate that in the case of minors the codeine-based drugs may involve more risks than benefits. BC1036



According to experts, treatments from the theobromine would be exempt from these risks.
And being tasteless
could be consumed even by those who do not like chocolate.

theobromine is estimated to create an inhibition of the vagus nerve, which controls the cough.

The drug, called BC1036, is being developed by a private company and is expected to conclude in the coming months the testing phase.

Scheske Manfred, executive director of the company SEEK, said that "the BC1036 has the potential to make a decisive impact in treatment for persistent cough and improve the quality of life for those suffering from this evil."

Meanwhile, Alyn Morice, the cough clinic at the University Hull, United Kingdom, endorsed the need for new treatments for disease.

"We urgently need drugs that are not based on opium to drastically eliminate the side effects" bringing in patients, he said. (BBC)

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The woman who knew no fear

For the first time scientists have succeeded in demonstrating how a brain region called the amygdala, is essential to induce fear in humans.

Researchers at the University of Iowa, USA, described the case of a woman whose amygdala, an almond-like structure in the brain was destroyed because of an disease.

scientists watched as the patient, identified only as SM, was unable to respond to stimuli from fear of snakes, spiders, horror movies and even situations where his life had been compromised.

This confirms, experts say in the journal Current Biology, that the amygdala is essential to provoke a state of fear in humans.

Progress, they say, could lead to better treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other anxiety disorders. Process

emotions

For 50 years, studies have shown that the amygdala -Located deep in the temporal lobe, is responsible for the processing of emotional reactions, including fear.

But so far these studies have only been conducted with animals, from rats to monkeys.

Now for the first time, be able to confirm in a human.

"The nature of fear is based on the survival and the amygdala helps us stay alive by avoiding situations, people or objects that could put our lives in danger," said Dr. Justin Feinstein, who led the study.

"Because SM is not the amygdala, also lacks the ability to detect and avoid danger in the world. It's really special that is still alive, "adds the scientist.

The researchers carried out studies for several years with the patient. confirmed that it was unable to recognize fear in facial expressions, but even before this work was not known if he could to experience the emotion itself.



Answers To test this, Dr. Feinstein and his team observed and recorded the responses of women when exposed to snakes and spiders (two of the most commonly feared animals). Also evaluated and watching horror movies during a visit to a "haunted house".

how the patient was measured fear experienced a series of standardized questionnaires that examine various aspects of fear, ranging from the fear of death to the fear of public speaking.

addition, during a period of three months was submitted to His Majesty to an "emotion diary" computer, which was randomly qualify their level of fear at different times of day.

In all scenarios, "say the authors, the patient did not experience fear.

"And talk about your past experiences, described how he had faced many traumatic events that had threatened its very existence and yet, as reported, had caused no fear" experts say.

According to Dr. Feinsten, these results suggest that the human amygdala is a key area of \u200b\u200bthe brain to provoke a state of fear.

"While the patient is able to experience other emotions such as happiness and sadness, is incapable of feeling fear."

"This suggests that the brain is organized so that a specific region, the amygdala-specializes in the processing of a specific emotion: fear." Hide

amygdala

Scientists believe that this finding could lead to new treatments or mechanisms to achieve "off" the amygdala safely and non-invasive for patients suffering from disorders such as PTSD.

These therapies may help, for example, war veterans suffering from PTSD and whose lives are controlled by an ever-present fear in your life.

Unlike these individuals, says Dr. Feinstein, the patient in this study is immune to these states of fear and shows no symptoms of PTSD. "

"It is impossible that the horrors of life entering their emotional core. In essence, traumatic events do not leave an emotional imprint on your brain."

The scientist added that "in understanding how the brain processes fear in cases like that of SM, maybe someday we can create targeted therapies selectively to brain areas that allow fear to rule our lives. "(BBC)

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The cell phone, good for health

In Latin America there are many people who need medical care and also many people who have a cell phone. Connect these two facts can save countless lives.

Therefore, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) is promoting projects in several Latin American countries that use the potential of technology mobile health services. And is not the only, also the Institute of Health Carlos Slim in Mexico is involved in projects of this type. The

that is inspired, according to the Bank, there are nearly 400 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean with a mobile phone.

And, in a region where control and public health management often faces challenges that include the remoteness of the centers, the cost of travel to or failure of these systems transfer of medical data The idea of \u200b\u200bexploiting this technology in the interests of public health is welcome. Mobile Citizen


Recently, the bank launched the program called Mobile City to sponsor project in order to provide cellular services based on taking into account the acute social and economic constraints of the region.

Meanwhile, the Institute of Health Carlos Slim in Mexico has included mobile technology in various ways to increase access and interaction of programs of care, control and prevention.

For one of the programs designed to combat the rise of diabetes in the population, they created a kind of diary, the "Diabediario" which reminds the patient about the disciplined use of drugs and assists in monitoring indicators key as weight, blood pressure and glucose levels. Another is dedicated

the promotion of healthy living with messages that stimulate cell via weight control and reduction of harmful habits like smoking. There is also a similar program that deals with infectious diseases, especially HIV / AIDS.

Helping a mom

The Bank, meanwhile, is considering different experiences in several countries to measure the impact on people and cost-effectiveness in the health system of implementing phones.

In Argentina, for example, is developing an application for early detection and immediate response to outbreaks of dengue and Chagas disease.

Rafael Anta, information technology specialist and communication of the IDB, in charge of the Mobile City, told the BBC that attempts to reduce the time between detection of an outbreak of dengue and possible measures to control, which can last months, when the infection has already multiplied.

"The fact that there focus is on the phone directly to report to a control center that may be in Buenos Aires or another city," Anta said. "It may be a matter of only hours or minutes and can react and make the appropriate arrangements to attend the dengue outbreak and mitigate it."

In Peru, developing an application for the care of young mothers and maternal and child health and once the baby is born, your care in the early months.

According to Rafael Anta, the program begins to interact with the pregnant mother with three types of text messages: education, with respect to food and hygiene information, as pregnancy progresses to remember appointments, and preventive, as the condition of the patient and test results to indicate what actions to take.

"These are the messages we want to give people to take greater responsibility for their condition and especially to influence a culture of preventive health," said IDB official.

When knowledge is indispensable

develops also in Chile a program for remote care of patients with type 2 diabetes, which is a very complicated and many people do not recognize when you have to start.
Chile
The problem occurs when people suspected of having diabetes enter a protocol for diagnosing the disease and leave the check. Anta says that 50% of desertion and may take two or three years before realizing that they have diabetes.

"That time passes in which a person is diabetic and not know it, has a more severe condition of chronic disease and the cost to the healthcare system," he concludes.

With mobile, you start to interact with the patient messages via calls for it to follow the protocol, undergoing medical examinations and attending to the health center with the results.

If it is confirmed that the person is diabetic, a mobile phone given to closely monitor adherence to medication has to be taken.

The technology has existed for more than four or five years to provide any kind of interaction between patient and physician. What is the IDB aims to promote the public health systems incorporate it into your schedule with high priority.

When programs keep a running time will impact assessments and cost benefit, which report to the respective Ministries of Health. Future potential



Rafael Anta provides a great future for the use of mobile technology in health based on what has already been established in other countries.

"They have designed phones that can measure the condition of a pregnant woman and can make a scanner to the fetus," he said.

He adds that "an electrocardiogram can be sent via mobile phone. It is also happening much to do medical tests which are sent to another country, translates the image into a clinical report and returns to the patient."

in Spain and there is a hospital that runs completely out of paper, where information automatically enters electronic systems that are shared with doctors and patients phones.

The system helps reduce the bottleneck of people in emergency and standby time in these rooms, distributing the traffic of patients between different units and distinguishing between who needs immediate attention and who can be diagnosed by phone. Even

improving the efficiency of operating rooms and beds in hospitals, allowing doctors to know what is available and operating room to discharge patients through a text message. (BBC)

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Progress Scientist of the Year

A machine that operates using the quantum-mechanical laws that govern the behavior of tiny objects such as molecules and atoms, was named by Science magazine scientific advance of 2010.

The device, developed by physicists at the University of California at Santa Barbara, is a tiny semiconductor palette visible to the naked eye, and the researchers were able to produce purely quantum her movements. According

Science "in recognition of conceptual paths open their experiment, the ingenuity behind it and its many potential applications have been named this discovery the most important scientific breakthrough 2010 ".

" It's a simple device, a piece of aluminum nitrate about 30 micrometers long, almost the width of a human hair and dance. It moves at a rate of 6,000 million moves per second to the BBC said Robert Coontz, deputy news editor for physical sciences at Science.

What physicists Andrew Cleland and John Martins did was cool your device with liquid helium to it reached a "ground state", ie the lowest energy state that any object can possess.

The "dance" of this section is not a traditional dance. We know that all man-made objects move in accordance the laws of classical mechanics but how this palette is moved can only be explained under the laws of quantum mechanics.

"This is a traditional object," says Robert Coontz, but by getting placed in that state of very low energy behaves differently. " Quantum World



"Physicists for some 100 years have known that there are two different worlds: the ordinary world of everyday experiences that follow a series of physical laws and the physical world of tiny things: molecules, atoms and subatomic particles obey quantum rules that call. "

These rules are different from classical physical laws and scientists have failed to understand why things should be subject to another tiny other physical laws.

And so far never been able to observe the strange effects of quantum physics.

The importance of winning research is that the device is visible to the naked eye and it was created entirely by men, which demonstrates for the first time the differences between physical objects.

"This research shows that we can explore the line between" real "world and the world of tiny objects," says Robert Coontz.

"And this will help us understand why this gap exists, if it exists, and where it is located, which is something that physicists have wondered over the past 100 years," adds the expert.

And in practice, the study raises a variety of possibilities ranging from the potential quantum of light control, electric currents and movement to possibly someday be able to erase the boundary between the quantum world and the real world. (BBC)

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Feriadex XI "is the moment of Peru" will

17 and December 18, 2010, VI students will exhibit their ADEX cycle export products such as snack inchi sacha, alpaca fiber bags with leather, sauces, olives, cassava capsules, pisco cream with chocolate and mint, among others. All these products will be presented Feriadex XI "The timing of Peru" to be held at the headquarters of Exporters Association (ADEX).

The event, held for the purpose of developing entrepreneurial creativity of future exporters will have 39 booths and side events as the launch of Purchasing Management and Supply Chain ADEX - International Trade Centre in Geneva, a new fashion show, business conference (presentations in English and English) and the gateway: Peruvian Fashion Show, among others.

Sandra Sanchez, Bryan Clark, Franklin Flores, Paola Mansilla and Christian Martinez are members of the company Amazon Health, to exhibit a food supplement made from organic cassava leaves, whose properties are highly valued. This product has lots of protein, fiber, vitamins, antioxidants and minerals.

"is a product that offers greater benefits than other supplements, it has a higher proportion of vitamins, antioxidants and amino acids" Franklin said Flores.

Christian Martinez, another member of Amazon Health reported that the nutritional supplement is focused on the German market, increasing its consumption and import natural products and organic time.

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of the finest cocoa beans from Peru, along with the exquisite flavor of Pisco and the freshness of mint born Plazier, Pisco cream chocolate and mint. Jessica Teroya Arakaki, Benites Pedro Martinez, Pierina Chata Gutierrez, Carina Merino Vilches, Angela James and Joanne Vasquez Suica Condor are the creators of this fine liquor.

"You can take alone or with ice, you can use as a base for other cocktails and serves as an appetizer, it is similar to Baileys, but in this case we use our flag liquor, pisco, also can be used for desserts, or combined with ice cream or coffee, "they said.

This pisco cream with chocolate and mint could go to market in Colombia, since that country has a large cream liquor consumption since 2007. "It has grown more than in Mexico because they eat pretty much what it is rum, and recently pisco exports to Colombia have increased," he commented.

Via ADEX

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Why are we sick of the cold?


were affected mainly older people whose exposure to extreme cold caused a decrease in body temperature and the development of hypothermia, which can be lethal.

What is the effect it can have the cold in our body?

An obvious danger is the freezing of extremities such as fingers, cheeks, nose and ears.

if stopped freezing time can be reversed, otherwise it may result in loss of tissue. Body temperature



But one of the most drastic of cold on the human body is hypothermia.

It occurs when the normal temperature of man-about-37 ° C decreases and in severe cases leads to chill uncontrolled. loss of control in the hands, feet and legs and sometimes swelling and bruising of the skin.

But the brain also slows down, that is, the thoughts are more lethargic, speech difficulties and the person becomes irrational.

Dr Kevin Fong is an expert in space medicine at the University of London. He knows better than anyone what it is to endure extreme cold or extreme heat. In space there is rarely an intermediate temperature.

According to the expert, humans operate with a very limited range of temperature.

"We are totally useless with a body temperature of two or three degrees above or below 37 º C", tells BBC scientist.

"We cook with two degrees, we 'turn off' with two degrees less."

When body temperature drops to between 32 º C and 35 º C the heart begins to slow its pace. If the temperature drops again, things start to become serious.

At the cellular level can alter the propagation of electrical impulses that control heart, increasing the risk of a heart attack.

mechanisms to face the cold

If the normal temperature falls below 30 º C the heart may stop altogether.

The agency has a range of mechanisms developed to combat the loss heat.

tremors, for example, are an attempt by the body to generate heat by means of small muscle movements around vital organs.

These are caused by a brain region that responds to small fluctuations in the normal body temperature.

But, as Fong, in humans the most basic defense is behavior.

"The way to avoid death by freezing in a ski resort is putting on a coat before leaving. We used to do the right thing when we are cold," said the BBC in conversation with the expert.

Fong is participating in a project that is being used a freezing technique to 'kill and revive' people who are undergoing heart surgery.

"I had to sit in a pool of water at a temperature of 12 º C," says the researcher.

"The hardest thing is to sit and do nothing to combat the cold. Every fiber of your body is screaming at you to do something to warm you up, like swimming."

And the cold, he adds, is a double-edged sword.

Extreme cold can cause cardiac arrest, but also preserves brain function.

So in extremely cold conditions a person may appear dead but it's still alive. Fond

quoted an ancient medical dictum, "is dead only when it is hot and lifeless." (BBC)

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The rifle that shoots bullets Think smart


The U.S. Army in Afghanistan will begin using a new smart gun that fires bullets. Within days, American soldiers fighting the Taliban will determine exactly how far their rockets explode white. The weapon in question is the XM25 and uses a laser measuring system with a chip installed in each bullet that lets you know at every moment to far is your goal.

Until now, once fired, the shooter have no control over the bullets. Historically, the projectiles fired by rifles have been simply a piece of metal in the shape, size and weight for "fly" from the muzzle of a gun to your target. Once it reaches its destination, the kinetic energy of this mass that moves at high speed makes the rest of the paper. However, "progress" has done that as technology develops new materials and explosives, the idea of \u200b\u200ba simple metal be accelerated "little." For the past year were used, for example, exploding bullets that cinematic effect is produced through impact plus a small explosion originated in the bullet same.

Turning the tide of war

But everything seen so far can not match the weapon that the U.S. military will begin using in Afghanistan this month, as published by the Daily Mail's responsible direct operations in this country believe that the XM25 and sophisticated munitions have the potential to change the course of a war-to be realistic, it has become a difficult problem for the U.S. The rifle grenade launchers, and somehow call-fired grenades 25mm to a distance of about 700 meters. But prior to the shooting, is able to measure with great precision, thanks to laser ranging system-the distance that is white.

This information is transmitted to the electronics contained in the projectile, with the most appropriate settings for that shot. XM25 The operator can choose, for example, that the grenade explodes three yards before or behind the target. This is possible because the projectile continues linked electronically with the XM25 throughout his career, and when it has "traveled" the preset distance, it explodes. Bullets are believed to be "preprogrammed" to to kill, to exploit, to stun or to be used during training.

"Only able to flee"

This allows attack more efficiently (it is rather strange to use that term when talking about killing another human being) the enemy, especially when a battle is waged in the streets or buildings. Christopher Lehner, a lieutenant colonel who was responsible for leading this project, says that the weapon "will bring a change in the rules of the game, try to copy other nations quickly." Soldiers may use the XM25 in those situations where the "white" is hidden behind a wall or inside a trench, even in many cases replacing the air attacks.

The Army expects to buy about 12,500 XM25 this year, enough to equip all members of the infantry and special forces stationed in Afghanistan. Each rifle grenade at a cost of between $ 25,000 and $ 30,000, and each missile costs about $ 30. Lehner, excited, said "with this system, we take the enemy's ability to hide. The only effective action we expect to see on your part is running. " (ABC)

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slimming food


If you are trying to lose those extra kilos that you can spare the best thing to do is think about food. In fact, let your imagination and see yourself eating every bite of that chocolate bar you crazy or high-calorie piece of cheese that you will eat less. That's the surprising conclusion of a study conducted by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh (USA), published in the journal Science.

Many people agree that the first bite of food is usually the most succulent, and as you continue eating every bite is becoming less exciting than the last, because we got used to that particular food. This is what scientists call habituation, and that is what researchers have now used to prove that our mind is a powerful food, using the chocolate and cheese to show that the imagination may be enough to create this habituation a person to food.

A simulated food
The researchers asked participants in their experiment to imagine themselves in different situations by 33 repetitive actions. One group imagined that inserted 33 coins in a laundry machine (the movies), an action very similar to eating chocolate balls (M & M's, in particular), say the researchers. Mentally simulating another group inserted 30 coins in the washer and then ate 3 scoops of chocolate, and the third group thought of introducing 3 coins, and then ate 30 M & M's. At the end of the test, I expected a bowl of famous chocolate balls for them to eat whatever they wanted.

Participants who had imagined they were eating pellets of chocolate ate 30 fewer than those of other groups. To ensure that these results were due to consumption of chocolate and not imaginary self-control, the researchers repeated the test by changing what they imagined each group, and again the result was in the same direction.

The researchers suggest that this type of mental images could be used not only to reduce the intake of unhealthy food but for other potential applications, such as fighting withdrawal syndrome drug and anti-smoking and obesity. Substitute

real experience

"Habituation is one of the fundamental processes that determine the amount we consume a food or product, when to stop eating and when consuming other," says Joachim Vosgerau one Authors of the study. "Our findings show that habituation is not governed only by sight, smell, hearing and touch, but also by how the consumer experience is mentally represented. To some extent, to imagine an experience is a substitute for real experience, "explains Vosgerau.

Therefore, it seems that the difference between imagining and experience may be smaller than previously thought. Advertisers should take into account the findings of this investigation, lest the evocative images of some of his ads that make our imagination get exactly the opposite of what they want. (ABC)

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Aspirin "reduces the risk of cancer"

A small dose of aspirin (75 mg) significantly reduced death from several types of cancer, says a new study.

According to scientists at the University of Oxford, School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and other centers of research, fármacoo 20% can reduce mortality rates by disease.

The study, published in the journal The Lancet, was conducted with more than 25,000 patients, mostly in the UK.

A preliminary investigation of the same scientists, released in October in the same journal, showed that this dose of aspirin was reduced in 35% mortality from cancer of the colon and rectum.

But in this new work the authors analyzed death rates from all cancers. Low dose



According to experts, although they know the risks of aspirin in some patients, which can cause bleeding, "the paper shows that the drug's benefits outweigh its dangers.

already know that aspirin reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke in people prone to these disorders.

But it is thought that healthy adults protective effects against disease are very small and cardivoasculares aspirin increases the risk of stomach and intestinal bleeding.

Now, however, new research shows that when assessing the risks and benefits of taking aspirin experts should also consider its protective effects against cancer.

In the study, patients taking the drug showed 25% lower risk of death from cancer during the period of investigation and a 10% reduction in risk of death from any cause compared with patients not taking the drug.

The delivered dose, however, was very small. Are commercially available tablets of 500 milligrams (mg), while the dose studied was 75 mg. Durable protection



Treatment with aspirin, the researchers say, lasted between four and eight years, but follow-up was about 12,500 patients showed that the protective effect continued for 20 years, both men and women .

The results showed that the risk of death from cancer was reduced by 20% during those 20 years. E individually, the reduction in mortality was about 40% in colorectal cancer, lung cancer 30%, 10% in prostate cancer and 60% in esophageal cancer.

The decline in death from cancer of the pancreas, stomach and brain was difficult to quantify, the authors say, because of smaller numbers of deaths.

Neither was there sufficient data to show an effect on breast and ovarian cancer, and scientists believe this is because there were not enough women who participated in the study.

are currently conducting large-scale trials to investigate the effects of the drug in these types of cancer.

Professor Peter Rothwell, who led the research, stressed that although this study does not encourage that healthy middle-aged adults begin immediately take aspirin, the evidence shows that it may "be a valuable advice."

He believes that if people were treated with a low dose of aspirin for 20 to 30 years, which would benefit most from the scheme would be those aged between 40 and 50 years.

"Do not take away"

"These results do not mean that all adults should immediately start taking aspirin, but they demonstrate significant new benefits that had not been taken into account in the recommendations health, "says Professor Rothwell.

He adds:" The recommendations have been very cautious to note that in healthy middle-aged adults the small risk of bleeding with aspirin in some cases more than the benefit of stroke prevention or stroke ".

" But the reductions in deaths caused by several common types of cancer now altered, for many people, that balance. "

Experts say that the annual risk of suffering severe internal bleeding is one in 1,000. And with aspirin doubles the risk.

According to the authors, the risk of serious bleeding is "very low" in middle age but increases dramatically after 75.

Other experts say the study is "promising" but Ed Young, chief information officer of the British charity Cancer Research UK, said: "We recommend that anyone interested in taking aspirin on a regular basis consult your doctor first." (BBC)

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10.000 SMEs innovative products will be set up in 2011 to service the My Company

Next year will constitute about 10,000 micro and small enterprises (MSEs) through the modules and services offered by the My Company Ministry of Production , said today the owner of the sector, Jorge Villasante.

explained that the My Company brings together various public and private service modules for entrepreneurs who want to form a MSE within three days.

"The mypes now generate 40 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) of Peru and from the State develop our actions to strengthen and just yesterday (Monday) enacted the law of factoring (commercial invoices)," he said.

said that with all the facilities that the Peruvian government has approved for the formalization of MSEs, it has got 778 000 companies in the tax systems of the Income Tax .

also mentioned that there are almost 800 000 mypes the Unico System Simplified (RUS) and with that has nearly 1.6 million who are already formal mypes and belonging to any taxation.

"To this is added the mypes record in the National Register of Micro and Small Enterprises (Remype) continue to show dynamic and this year we hope to reach by the end of the year to 100 thousand registered, "he added.

However, he stressed that there is still much work to get all mypes in Peru are formal so they can have opportunities to achieve growth as businesses.

said that most Peruvian mypes are unable to respond individually purchase orders to make great domestic and foreign customers, and therefore should promote their partnership.

"The mypes must develop the partnership and make a collective mark to meet the requirements that have domestic and foreign companies," Villasante said.

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Almost 65% of formal SMEs engaged in productive activities

Production Minister of Peru, Jorge Villasante, reported that nearly 65 percent of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) are formal registered on the National Register of Micro and Small Enterprises (Remype) engage in productive activities , ensuring its sustainability in the coming years.

recalled that this level shows a change in the trend of MSEs in Peru, where previously this type of companies engaged in activities related to trade.

"By the year 2007 more than 70 percent were within mypes the caption of the commercial sector but now no more than 35 percent do business, "he said.

said that to date there are over 98,000 registered in the Remype mypes and is expected to reach the end of the year to 100 thousand.

"There are many more companies are formalized, are recorded and are in productive sectors, it is important because it guarantees and shows that these companies can be sustainable over time," he said.

In that regard, he noted that if are provided to these productive mypes greater access to financing instruments such as factoring (commercial invoices) are then given greater liquidity for working capital and can be developed more.

On the other hand, denied that the use of factoring is to encourage mypes on indebtedness, and that this mechanism only involve advance payment due to them for the sale of goods or services to third parties.

"There may be some level of over-indebtedness in mypes they have identified some companies in the system, But factoring is not going to affect it, "he said.

The Minister also noted that members of the Peruvian financial system is prepared to verify and establish conditions to avoid over-indebtedness of MSEs.

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NASA announces the discovery of a way of life 'different' Test


two days ago, NASA announced "a discovery in astrobiology that will have a major impact on the search for evidence of extraterrestrial life." Were fired speculation about the possible content of that announcement, coming to join the possibility that investigators had found U.S. space agency finally irrefutable evidence some form of life beyond Earth, perhaps in Titan, the largest moon of Saturn. NASA's discovery, however, does not come from any planet or satellite remote. Has occurred here on Earth, though no less spectacular. It is a strange new creature, a new form of "being alive" that challenges everything we thought we knew so far about the complicated and sensitive biochemical process known as life. Something that will completely change the way in which, from now on, look for living beyond our own world.

from bacteria to whales, flies, elephants or humans, each and every one of the ways life on Earth depends on a careful combination of these six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. In the form of DNA, fats and proteins, these elements are found in every living creature known. The "chemistry of life" is also very sensitive and specific than any alteration in this "silver bullet" affects the molecular stability to the point of making life simply no longer possible. So the discovery is published today in the journal Science has caused so much excitement and surprise. Because this is an exception, the first facing the science, to this rule so far considered as universal. Arsenic

to grow

Researchers have indeed found a bacterial strain, the GFAJ-1, which has proven to be able to substitute in their molecules, including DNA, one of six key ingredients, phosphorus , which is considered one of the worst and most harmful poisons that exist, the arsenic. Something that, according to scientists, is a proof that life can develop very different from those we know. Ways to help us refine the existing search techniques for life beyond our planet.
"Life," reads the Science article, is mainly composed the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus. But despite these six elements are nucleic acids, proteins and fats, and therefore most of living matter, it is theoretically possible that some other elements of the periodic table can perform the same functions. Here we describe a bacterium, strain GFAJ-1 of Halomonadaceae obtained at Mono Lake in California, which has replaced arsenic-phosphorus to sustain growth. Our data reveal the presence of arsenate in macromolecules typically contain phosphates and, notably, nucleic acids and proteins. The replacement of a major bioelements may have a large geochemical and evolutionary significance.
Alternatives to life

For several years, the principal author of this article, Felisa Wolfe-Simon, the Astrobiology Institute NASA in Menlo Park, California, along with some other of the signatories, as Ariel Anbar and Paul Davies, were exploring the possibility that there are "alternative forms" of life. "Life as we know," says Anbar requires some elements specific chemicals and excludes others. But are these the only options? How different life can be? "Wolfe-Simon and his colleagues sensed that arsenic could be replaced to match (the next element in the periodic table) in the earliest life forms on our planet. In fact, arsenic has chemical properties similar to those of phosphorus, although its high toxicity can not use the vast majority of living beings.

However, Wolfe-Simon speculated that some kind of bacteria were able to adapt to the use of arsenic. One idea widely criticized because of this element compounds (arsenates) are much more volatile than the phosphates in the presence of water, a difficulty that no living cell would be able to handle.

To test their ideas, Wolfe-Simon decided to collect California mud lake (Mono Lake), a veritable desert of water ", known for its high concentrations of arsenic, and cultivate the microorganisms obtained in solutions increasingly rich arsenates. The researcher did not add phosphates to the breeding grounds at any time. Rather, it was regularly transferring bacteria to solutions increasingly rich in compounds of arsenic, to wind down any natural concentration of phosphate that may contain your samples. So that bacteria, if they wanted to survive, would be forced to use crop arsenic.

A huge surprise

itself Wolfe-Simons says, in essence, not expecting to find anything alive at the end of the experiment. And that was shocked when he saw through the microscope, colonies of bacteria moving rapidly in that medium as toxic. To be sure, the culture revisited for possible traces of phosphorus that would have helped the bacteria to survive. Not found. So, with the rest of his team, began to discuss in detail the bacteria, to see if, indeed, were using arsenic to survive. "It contained breathing during each of these tests," says the researcher. The results confirmed

their suspicions. The bacteria were incorporated arsenic in place of phosphorus in nucleic acids in their lipids, their protein ... DNA analysis of bacteria left no doubt: it contained arsenic. Paul Davies explained that "this body has a dual capacity. It can grow both phosphorus and arsenic, which makes it very peculiar." For this research, the new agency "has the potential to open a whole new branch of studies in microbiology."

"Our findings," says Simon Wolfe meanwhile, are a reminder that life as we know it could be much more flexible than asuminos or we can imagine. "However, cocluye-this is not a story about arsenic and Mono Lake. If there is anything here on Earth, capable of doing something so unexpected, what other things we have not seen yet is capable of making life? It's time to find out. "(ABC)

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drugs for a living

There are people who take drugs when they feel ill or sick. Others, however, they do for a living.

And with the current economic crisis , as more and more individuals try to find a new way to make money, perhaps many have thought about the possibility of going to a clinic for testing drugs that have not yet been approved and receive money in return.

clinical trials in humans are an important part of drug development process. Allow pharmaceutical companies to know whether or not the compounds have side effects.

For many of the studies, companies recruit healthy volunteers. Among these are several that are devoted full time to be "guinea pigs" of the pharmaceutical industry. Process



The first phase of developing a new drug involves computer models and in vitro tests, followed by animal studies, primarily rodents, to test its toxicity.

At that time, the compound has to be formally approved for human trials.

In the initial stages, usually recruited from ten to 30 people for each trial.

The resulting information provides details on how the medication is tolerated, how the body absorbs, breaks down and eliminated, and if you have any side effects for the individual who participates in testing.

The second stage of any trial is to test the drug in people who already have the disease that needs treatment.

"People get money to analyze the safety of a drug, not to see if the drug works, but to know that it can be safely consumed," says anthropologist Roberto Abadie, who has been studying the trend of paid as guinea pigs in the United States.

The pharmaceutical industry claims that complies with the regulations when it comes to recruiting guinea pigs "professionals."

But Abadie have questions about whether companies are actually aware that some people participate in numerous tests.

"There is no central registry for people who take part in them. I'm not sure he knows this professionalization," he adds.

"I do not know or be interested to know that some individuals have participated in up to 100 clinical trials." In the U.S.

Many

of which lend themselves to this test are African American and low-income Latinos.

"Probably there are only a few thousands of guinea pigs, but most tests are carried out with these people who make their living with them," says anthropologist Abadie.

A person can earn $ 20,000 a year to participate in eight or ten trials.

Each test usually lasts a month.

"I think I never earned more than $ 20,000 or $ 25,000 a year, but I met people who were making more than me," said Robert Helms, a former professional guinea pig.

"He called workaholics."

According to Abadie, there have been cases in which a person is subjected to two trials at once.

"It's much more than what they would work in McDonalds," he says, a reference to poorly paid work. " Long-term risks


The problem, says the expert, are the large doses of chemicals that people should be absorbed into your body.

"Nobody knows what effect this will have when these substances interact with each other in about 20 or 30 years," he warns.

Abadie believes that the pharmaceutical industry should also show concern.

"There is the issue of liability for damage and damages if it appears that in the end, the companies suspect that something could go wrong but did nothing because they needed professional guinea pigs continue with the tests so they could produce a drug, "he says.

Pharmaceutical companies ensure they take all possible precautions when carrying out the phases of human drug trials.

Helms, former professional guinea pig, recalls an incident in which things went wrong.

"In 1996, a friend went through a difficult time. He began to have delusions. I thought the movie "12 Monkeys" ("12 Monkeys") had been based on it. "

In some countries began to establish regulations for clinical trials, but not the United States.

According to Helms, the pharmaceutical industry there" is powerful. "I do not think things will change in a near future, "he says.

" They have very strong political and I do not think this situation will change. "(BBC)

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blood test that detects Large mammals

A team of scientists developed a test that can estimate the age of an individual with only a blood sample.

The method can be used, for example, forensic investigators who need information related to age of a suspect or dead.

The technique is based on the identification of a characteristic of a type of immune cells called T cells, which are transported in the blood.

These cells play a key role in the recognition of "invading" foreign to the body, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or cancer cells.

As part of the process that cells use to recognize these invaders produce small circular DNA molecules.

The number of these molecules, known as excision circles of T cell receptor (sjTREC) decreases steadily with age.

According to scientists, the study shows that this biological phenomenon can be used to calculate "with precision and reliability," the age of a human individual. Strangers



This approach, say the researchers, will locate an individual in a category that extends generational in 20 years.

Predicting the "phenotypes" humans, the external characteristics of a person as hair and eye color-from the information in DNA is a new emerging field of forensic science.

But now, with the DNA information can be identified only a few features phenotypes with sufficient precision to have practical implications.

As explained by Dr. Manfred Kayser, who led the study, the new test has proved the most accurate of all tests that are designed to calculate a human characteristic phenotype from DNA information.

"The conventional DNA profiling to forensic science applied can only identify people who are already known to the investigating agencies," explains the scientist.

"Therefore, every forensic laboratory has found cases in which the DNA profile obtained from material evidence did not match any of the suspects tested no one in the database of criminal DNA.

"In those cases, it is expected that the information is clear evidence of material help find strangers," he adds.

Experts expect the new test, along with the methods currently used to reconstruct the appearance of strangers from a biological sample found at the scene of the crime, eventually help to solve more cases.

The details of the investigation carried out in Medical Center of Erasmus University in Holland, are published in the journal Current Biology. (BBC)

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age filled the void left by dinosaurs

disappearance of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago allowed the mammals to increase their size, according to a new study published in the journal Science.

After carefully reviewing a number of fossils, the researchers concluded that the extinction of the dinosaurs helped mammals weighing between one and ten kilograms reached, in some cases, the 17 tons.

specialist scientific topics of the BBC, Neil Bowden explained that all this happened for 25 million years, a relatively short period in geological terms.

"There was a time when the hornless rhinoceros and called protoelefantes Deinotherium Indrucotherium and dominated the world, "says the study.

Scientists say that during that time, the ecosystem was able to" reprogram "quickly to meet the needs of these animals, whose size increased dramatically.

Brake However

growth stopped there, because warm-blooded mammals are not able to maintain a constant body temperature.

may, while the animals occupied the continent, the area of \u200b\u200bland and food have become scarce also, say researchers in Science.

giant mammals lived only until few thousand years ago in the form of woolly mammoths.

These creatures could be gone by the existence of other mammals are much smaller than the hunted: humans. (BBC)

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Smoking marijuana increases the risk of infections

Smoking marijuana may weaken the immune system and increase the risk of infections and cancer, according to a new study.

An international team of experts found that cannabis promotes the production of cells that weaken the body's resistance against the development of infections and certain tumors.

The research results were published in the European Journal of Immunology (European Journal of Immunology).

The team, led by Dr. Prakash Nagarkatti, University of South Carolina, USA, studied the effect of the chemicals in marijuana, cannabinoids.

Among these compounds in the plant include the THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), a psychoactive ingredient that doctors often use to relieve pain.



reasons But why marijuana weakens the immune system? According to Dr. Nagarkatti, the cause lies in a type of immune cell that was discovered recently.

The expert explained that cell, known as MDSC (for its acronym in English), unlike most of the majority of immune cells, which are concentrated in fighting infections and cancer. The MDSC is responsible for suppressing the body's defenses.

The team led by Dr. Nagarkatti demonstrated that cannabinoids may trigger the release of massive amounts of MDSC.

Previously, researchers at the Unit of Neuropharmacology, University Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bdiscovered the mechanisms by which marijuana affects the memory.

long been known that cannabis decreases the ability to remember by its action on the hippocampus, the area of the brain that regulates memory and learning.

Despite its ambiguous legal status, marijuana use for medical purposes in several countries (U.S., Canada and the Netherlands) as an analgesic for cancer patients, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, AIDS and other painful conditions. (BBC)